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Design and Applied Technology (Secondary 4-6)

(b) Bauhaus

A school of design in Weimar, Germany, called Bauhaus, was founded in 1919 and ended up

with political forced close down by Nazi party in July 1933. Bauhaus had profound influence

upon subsequent developments in art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial

design and typography in 20th Century. The 1st headmaster was a renowned architect Walter

Gropius (1919~28). He was convinced that the base for any art was to be found in handcraft.

He developed new teaching methods: artists and craftsmen directed classes and production

together at the Bauhaus; this was intended to remove any distinction between fine arts and

applied arts. Being deeply influenced by Russian Constructivism (1917~1922) which had

been inspired by Marxism art & cultural development theory in socialism, Bauhaus

highlighted the radically simplified forms, the rationality and functionality, and the idea that

design for mass-production to benefit all social classes. It was reconcilable with the individual

artistic spirit that leaded to the birth of Modernism of 30’s. One of the basic aims of this

school of design was the design of affordable products that suitable for machine and mass

production. The phrase "form follows function" has come to be associated with the Bauhaus,

because the designs that emerged were very functional and honestly reflected the materials

from which they were made. Materials were not disguised but instead became a statement

about the product itself. In short, one of the key objectives of the Bauhaus was to unify art,

craft, and technology with highest concern of social classification fairness. It stressed good

design is not only serving for the wealthy upper class capitalist with limited produced product

in high price but also for the lower working classes with mass produced product in affordable

price.

Nazi party and other right-wing political groups had opposed the Bauhaus and criticized its

modernist styles throughout the 1920s. They considered it a front for communists, especially

because many Russian artists were involved with it.

Since the 2nd Bauhaus headmaster Hannes Meyer advocated his idealistic communist thought

and encouraged some teachers and students to involve political activities in 1928~30, Nazi

Party closed down the Bauhaus in Dessau when Adolf Hitler became German dictator in Oct

1932. Finally, Gestapo occupied Bauhaus in Berlin on 11 April, 1933. The 3rd Bauhaus

headmaster Mies Rohe had to declare the close down officially in July, 1933.

(Reference: www.wikipedia.org)

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